Letters_Introduction

When I lamented to my father years ago that everything had been discovered, he mistakenly thought I was talking about technology. Not so. Being only 13 or 14, I could not formulate it at the time, but I was talking about the natural world. I was grieving for the passing of an era of exploration and discovery that disappeared in the 19th and early 20th centuries. All that remained was technology and demystified man-made material objects. No more Wild West, no more exotic Africa, no more unexplored Amazon, no more mysterious Nile River, no more unconquered Mount Everest. Just cars, airplanes, telephones, refrigerators, television sets, spaceships. No more Marco Polo, no more Christopher Columbus, no more Captain Cook, no more Lewis and Clark. Just technocrats in white smocks laboring for corporations in sterile laboratories. To be sure, that was valuable work, but not the kind of exploration that included me and my temperament. So I mourned for the passing of an era, and grieved for myself. I did not feel included in our modern technocratic world.

It took me many years to consciously (verbally) realize that it is not technology that makes progress in human perception, but human perception that makes progress in technology. Action is born from conception, which starts from within. The proper uses of technologies are then determined by the values and perspectives of the people using them. Invention and technological extension of invention and subsequent usage of the technologies begin in the human mind, not vice-versa. Only afterward to they intermingle, each influencing the other. But the process originates in the mind of man, its quality, its intentions, its intelligence, and ultimately is moral orientation.

Within any given culture, natural resources, technology, education, social values, government, science, art and a thousand other things enter into the mix. All must be included, and each must be balanced with the others in order for a society to consider itself healthy. It seems to me that during the course of the past 300 years or so an especially important dimension has been left out of this mix. It is absolutely imperative that we include it, explore it, develop it.

Simply put: Our Western world has over-emphasized technology, material wealth, and economic expansion at the expense of the natural world and human maturation. There has been a one-sided emphasis on technique, factual knowledge, and the acquisition of socially enhancing work skills to the detriment of self-understanding and humane values. There has been a stunning imbalance between external, physical, sensory-motor considerations, while internal, mental, psychological and spiritual realities have been almost totally ignored and excluded. In our culture, the word “discovery” almost inevitably means discovery in the external, utilitarian realm—technology.

This lopsided emphasis has created an enormous gap between material wealth and technological brilliance on the one hand, and interior moral, perceptual, psycho-spiritual development on the other. We have bigger and better machines, but we behave in the same primitive, immature, violent, exclusively self-referential ways that we always have. Bigger and better microscopes, telescopes, and computers have not made us better human beings. They have not awakened us to our own higher nature. Of course we need empirical science and its technological extensions. But we also need attitudes and perspectives that honor human interiority as well. Without development in that interior domain, there seems to be little or no hope for humanity or for life on Earth. We have drifted way too far in one direction. It is time to reorder priorities—and without excluding anything. We can have it all. In fact, we must have it all, or we will continue spiraling down into chaos and ultimate destruction. It seems to me that we must travel far beyond where we presently stand. There is much room to grow. And we are beginning to do just that.

RELIGION—In my view, pre-modern institutionalized, mythic-membership religions are steadily eroding from within and disappearing. Slowly, slowly, it is already happening by natural processes. The devolution and eventual disappearance of prerational myth-based religious forms is an intrinsic phase of the evolution of consciousness from ignorance and superstition, up through knowledge and reason, eventually into worldcentric Unity Consciousness. To date, science has thoroughly discredited and transcended ancient pre-literate East/West mythological pseudo-science, ecclesiastical superstitions, magical rituals, gods, saviors, etc., and to everyone’s benefit, whether they know it or not, the Falwells and Billy Grahams and Popes and other symbolic representatives of tradition-based, mytho-magical religions of the world are a dying breed.

It is incumbent upon us to examine and challenge faith-based religions such as fundamentalist Christianity, hardcore Islam and radical right-wing Hinduism, for they are rooted in ancient scriptures written by people for whom the earth was flat, the sun and moon encircled our globe, diseases ravaging whole populations were treated with magical amulets, power words and leeches, and a lawnmower or wheelbarrow would have been regarded as awesome inventions — or perhaps as tools of the Devil. Even today, Christian Science withholds antibiotics from dying children who could otherwise be saved. Muslims cut off people's hands and murder "dishonored" sisters and daughters who have been raped. And millions of Christians wait for the day of Rapture when Jesus will return to earth, slaughter all nonbelievers — billions of Jews, Muslims, Hindus, atheists, agnostics, and secular humanists — and bear faithful Jesus lovers unto God's own sweet heaven on wings of righteous glory.

Irrational, ignorant, superstitious beliefs in Yahweh or Allah, or in the Bible or the Koran or other "sacred" texts, in angels, devils, virgin births, walking on water myths, and post-life rewards in heaven or eternal punishments in hell violate reason, nature, knowledge. Over the centuries such unsubstantiated faith-based religions have given rise to endless wars. "Kill the infidels" is a fundamental tenant in every major religion, and every one of those religions is incompatible with every other religion. Their great founders — Jesus, Mohammed, Krishna — spoke truths emergent from Unity Consciousness, but the beliefs that have grown up around those founders and their insights have proven disastrous. Unquestioning belief in "sacred" books and unswerving devotion to ancient dictates unsubstantiated with evidence will prove catastrophic in today's world if they remain unchallenged. Like cancer cells, they are gobbling up whole populations and may well destroy the earth and every living thing on it.

In today's world, these primitive belief systems — our book is the only Book; our God is the only God; our holy laws are the only laws; and all non-believers are "infidels" who must be slaughtered — exist in the minds and hearts of peoples who have or will soon have nuclear bombs in their hands, bio-chemical weapons in their refrigerators, and an arsenal of modern technological delivery systems at their command. Militant pre-rational belief systems founded upon nothing more than faith-without-evidence can be tolerated only at the risk of global destruction. We must stop failing to respond to ignorant zealotry in the name of "tolerance" and "religious freedom," and begin challenging each and every "god" and "law" and "commandment" and "holy book" that would condemn non-believers to death, mutilation or eternal hellfire, even our sons or daughters, even our wives or husbands, even our parents. (e.g., see Deuteronomy 13:7-11 in the Bible and Chapters 4: 74-78 and 9:123 in the Koran).

Although the tide of science and reason naturally leads the way toward a clearer, more realistic approach to living harmoniously with other peoples and the biosphere, I am not saying the severely conditioned mass mind with its fear-based Christian/Islamic/Hindu orientation will go away by tomorrow morning. In fact, during the next 50-100 years, these populations will blanket the earth if we manage to survive that long. Nevertheless, as the rest of the world catches up with rationality, science, secularism, humanism, and the West, and as widespread mass ignorance within the Western culture itself catches up with the developmental post-Enlightenment rational progress of its own elite, so tradition-oriented, myth-based institutionalized hierarchical belief systems will ultimately lose their grip on man’s psyche. That will open the way toward further rational development, which in itself leads to new domains of perception, knowledge, compassion, and peaceful interactive human conduct.

It is important to note here that rationality is not the peak of the mountain, as numerous Western intellectuals would have us believe. It is only a steppingstone along the way. As the rational mind steadily evolves and expands its capacities, becoming more inclusive and compassionate, it too will eventually leap upward, beyond the limitations of the rational-egoic worldview, into the multi-tiered domain of transrational unity consciousness. Mind is already ascending beyond itself, slowly, slowly, into the domain of Spirit, Buddha-mind clarity, Zen no-mind, pure presence, unity with All. As Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, Taoism and Jainism have amply demonstrated over the centuries, we do not need a God or a Holy Book or Theocentric dogma in order to live lives rooted in love, compassion, and respect for all forms of life.

Unity Consciousness — an explosion of love embracing the whole of existence — can be considered the ultimate evolutionary phase of consciousness. Its development and unfolding fulfills our natural human potential. We realize we are not fixed, static, inert objects created by some sort of invisible supernatural omnipotent bearded person in the sky, dissociated from nature. We are natural beings, direct extensions of existence, wells of untapped creativity, deep sources of latent energy waiting for its opportunity to become activated, kinetic, focused, channeled, fully realized. Unity Consciousness is an inherent dimension of our nature; it is within us as an element of our intrinsic humanity — and it needs to be awakened. Once awakened, ignited, as it were, its extensions of love, empathy and compassion can be expressed in useful, creative, energized and energizing ways. It is this level of human development that offers the hope, the potential and the greatest and most realistic prospect for continued life on Earth. Its emergence is taking place even as we speak, albeit slowly.

POLITICS—At the moment, politicians are cynical opportunists who merely follow mass dictates, pandering to the lowest common denominator and least developed self-centered minds. They are not lights unto themselves, and they live and work in a context that prohibits integrity, conviction, and innovation. Voters must be appeased, assuaged, cajoled, flattered, deceived.

We need to clear the boards and start all over again. Politics should be guided by men and women of intelligence, integrity, vision, and wisdom, people capable of leading us upward and onward, not only materially, but intellectually, morally and spiritually as well. We need a shift from democratic mass-mind followers, slavish caterers, and ruthless exploiters, to a meritocracy based on the wedding of pragmatism and wisdom in men and women who can lead, change, evolve, expand, grow. That profound shift from political following of the mob to innovation and courageous leadership of humanity at large will happen when the necessity for it becomes apparent to enough people who are willing to demand it. One courageous lion is worth a thousand snoring sheep.

A few decades ago, we had no Social Security, no Security and Exchange Commission to police banks, no unemployment insurance. Roosevelt stepped in and courageously led the way. Today, we are the only country in the world that has no comprehensive national health care program. We have no restrictions on drug pricing. We have no significant regulation of insurance costs. These are but a few of the material needs that can be satisfied by government.

We need politicians who are willing and able to stand up and utilize government as an instrument of help for the greatest numbers of people, not as a weight on the shoulders of the many for the benefit of the top two percent who own more than half of the wealth in our country. We need leaders and innovators who will use governmental powers as tools for social transformation that will satisfy safety and security needs so we can get on the process of internal psycho-spiritual evolution. If we wake up, the politicians will wake up too.

BUSINESS—Business should be based, not on constant development, expansion and exploitation—which spreads like a cancer, eating up people and natural resources like a disease while replenishing nothing (Wal-Marts in action). Business should be, and I suspect ultimately will be, based not on continually escalating profits accruing to the point of obscenity, but on the principle of survival of the global whole—on cooperation, sharing, mutual assistance, conservation, utilization and preservation.

Some companies and corporations are already doing that—making profits, but not excessively. Instead of paying CEO’s up to 540 times what they pay their employees, the CEO’s work for less while keeping employees well compensated. Profits and salaries for executives are less, but the company still thrives. Products are rooted in ecologically sound methods and materials. Conservation, recycling, and environmentally clean procedures are valued and utilized. Money is made. Products sell well. Customers are satisfied. The company grows at reasonable and environmentally nondestructive rates. Many companies are approaching business this way today, of which Patagonia and Ben & Jerry’s spring immediately to mind.

Responsible business practices will happen on a still wider scale when the dog-eat-dog attitude and perspectives based on fear, greed and unbridled selfishness evolve into the we-are-one perspective. This is what is meant by consciousness evolution. There are those who say greed, dishonesty, crime and ignorance are human nature. They say it has always been like this, and always will be. If you can’t beat it, join it.

However, there are others who say fear-based need is not the only part of man that is natural. Just as there are lower drives that well-serve basic, instinctual, fundamental needs (food, warmth, shelter, self-preservation, belongingness, species-preservation), there are also higher drives that serve higher needs (love, empathy, compassion, cooperation, self-actualization, creativity).

Spring boarding from lower needs to higher needs is what material progress and psychological maturation is all about, is it not? Once the foundation is constructed, we can build the roof. We have spent centuries constructing foundations. It is now time to stop sitting around congratulating ourselves on what a great foundation we have, and get on with building the roof. The world is in agony. It needs us. The time is now.

TECHNOLOGY—Technology can and will be used to serve and assist people wherever it is needed, not just where it is owned. We already have technology enough to feed, clothe and house the world population, even while preserving natural resources such as timber, oceans, wilderness habitats—but we have to be willing to employ it, not merely and exclusively for profit, but for human and natural survival (e.g., phasing out privately owned fossil fuel industries based exclusively on profit, and, transforming them into government owned not-for-profit centers for harnessing the planet’s energies— wind power, water power, solar power; developing and using hybrid methods of non-polluting transportation—hydrogen, methane, electricity, solar energy; building upward instead of outward; conserving energy rather than wasting it; shifting from meat diets to vegetable diets, thereby enhancing health and saving crop lands, etc., etc.)

We need a new view and a new evaluation of technology, because technology does not change minds. We have already seen that notion fail on a grand scale. Just the opposite seems to be the case. Technology follows minds; it is the product of our minds. Our problems do not originate externally. They do not come from a god or a devil, nor do they come from technology or the lack of it. Our problems come from within. They spring from the mind of man. It is the mind of man that generates the horrors we see every day on the evening news. But if we change human minds, growing, evolving, becoming progressively more conscious, compassionate and inclusively embracing, all else will follow in accord. New technologies will be designed and utilized by healthy minds, not to fuel a continually expanding parasitical profit-based industrial economy, but to help mankind survive and the Earth flourish.

This is not an easy task. Many will say it is impossible. They will say it is ridiculous and stupid to even try. But our survival depends upon it, rather obviously so it seems to me. This is a new era. We need new ideas, based both on short-term and long-term objectives, and we need to put them into action immediately.

SCIENCE AND SCIENTISM—These perspectives are not to be dismissed as “too idealistic,” “utopian,” “unrealistic,” “too philosophical,” “abstract,” “speculative,” “idle talk,” “amusing but insubstantial,” etc. All major changes look like that today. But tomorrow they become structural realities—and everybody wonders why we didn’t do it sooner.

And it can be done—and has been done already, and more than once. In the 17th and18th Centuries, for example, the so-called Age of Enlightenment overcame hundreds of years of locked-in traditions and brought about extraordinary changes that still influence us.

As Ken Wilber and others have often observed, we in the West separated church, state, science and art, thereby kicking ecclesiastical superstition and its domination of social, legal, governmental and aesthetic realities off its throne. We gave birth to the scientific method, and to the demise of various kinds of slavery, and to the beginnings of democracy as we know it today. Science, law, religion and art stood on their own, separate and equal, no longer dominated, controlled, and directed by the Church, and no longer mere extensions of it.

That was great. Newton did not have to worry about the same things Galileo did. We accomplished a transformation of consciousness, leaping from an age of superstition and spiritual darkness dominated by the Church into a new age of Reason. It was a profound step on the evolutionary journey toward higher consciousness.

But alas, science and reason soon fell overboard into scientism, in which we came to define external, sensory-motor, empirically quantifiable realities as being the only realities. If something didn’t have empirically observable form and simple placement in objective space, it had no value and no meaning. If it could not be measured, understood and validated by reason and the scientific method, it was given no credence. It didn’t exist. Only that which fit the parameters of rationality and the scientific method was acknowledged as “real.”

In the process, we came to dismiss interior, subjective, mental, psychological, emotional and transrational spiritual realities as being vaporous, irrelevant, even non-existent. That which failed to fit the scientific paradigm was deemed useless, troublesome, “merely subjective,” a fiction.

Not science, but scientism, killed our recognition of the human spirit. The interior dimension, the dimension of consciousness, was excluded from our model of the universe. Since that time, especially since the late 19th Century, we have emphasized scientific, technological and social progress to the almost total exclusion of man’s maturation. It is as if Buddha, Lao Tzu, Osho, Krishnamurti, Freud, Jung, Adler, Maslow and today’s Ken Wilber never existed. We have become techno-scientific giants while remaining psychological pygmies and moral psychotics. By placing value-free technological means above morally enlightened ends, we human beings gave birth to Hitler, the atomic bomb, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki. Exactly the same process continues today. Turn on the evening news, and it fills the screen with the on-going horrors of man’s inhumanity to man and nature.

There is a profound need for us to give a new birth to psychological interiority, spiritual awareness, higher consciousness, and life-affirmative values.

MATURATION—It is time we add a new dimension to our previous mind-set: Let’s grow up.

Let’s learn how to use our brilliant scientific expertise, our awesome technological power and our advanced post-modern social conscience in ways that will create physical, mental and spiritual conditions that celebrate life instead of denying and destroying it. Knowledge and material conditions already exist for this psycho-social developmental model. The only thing missing is human maturity. When we grow up, we will by definition actualize the higher and most inclusive natural (not supernatural) potentials that are an inherent part of our human makeup. That is what “growing up” means, does it not?

As Ken Wilber has pointed out in several books—

Physics was a beginning. It dealt with matter and inanimate forces.

Biology took us a notch up the evolutionary ladder of developmental consciousness. It included matter while adding life.

Today’s psychology is becoming still more inclusive (matter + life + mind).

In the sense that Wilber uses the word, Spirit has nothing to do with churches, superstitions, mythologies, rituals, dogma. Bureaucratic churches or belief systems of any sort do not own Spirit. It is a living, growing reality, the ground and context and elan vital of all of existence. Spirit is not granted by a mythological divinity invented by man. Spirit is natural. Spiritual consciousness expands human identity to the point where it becomes inclusive of all that exists (matter + life + mind + cosmic consciousness).

In Wilber’s terms, biology includes and honors physics, and transcends physics by adding life. Psychology includes and honors matter and life, and transcends them by adding human reason. Spirit includes and honors matter and life and reason, and transcends them by expanding identity to the degree that it honors and includes the cosmic totality. It feels reverence for all of life, not just human life, and for all of being, not just life on Earth. Each of these levels becomes progressively less self-oriented (less narcissistic) as it becomes more empathic and increasingly more inclusive. That is, each level is a whole unto itself, and a part of a greater whole as well.
With consciousness, we human beings can recognize this process, stop clinging exclusively to self-identity, open our embrace to include ever-expanding domains of existence, and choose to evolve. Evolution is no longer a matter of incremental biological alteration. It is a matter of expanding consciousness and identity—from self, to others, to all. We have choices.

When we individually evolve through these different gradations of consciousness, becoming progressively more mature, more aware, more inclusive, more loving and compassionate, more embracing, moving stage by stage beyond self to embrace other peoples, other life forms and ultimately the cosmic whole, we add to the maturation process of all peoples and all beings everywhere, just as each drop of water adds to the whole ocean.

Because every individual human being begins at square one and must evolve through each evolutionary stage on its way to unity consciousness, it is unlikely that there will ever come a time when all of humanity attains the same level of higher consciousness simultaneously. However, with enough people at any given time, we can create cultural contexts which will inspire and nourish developmental growth, creating a fertile setting in which psycho-spiritual evolution can take place freely, more easily, more quickly.

As Krishnamurti, Maslow, Rogers, Osho and numerous others have pointed out, new schools are needed, based not only on techniques and marketable skills, but upon self-realization, self-actualization, and self-transcendence. We must take spiritual values and methodologies out of the hands of institutionalized religions and relocate them back into the realm of the natural where they can be shared with everybody, not just members of organized religious creeds.

If this contextual perspective becomes a cultural structure, not just a passing conceptual fad, human consciousness can far more efficaciously stretch upward among increasing numbers of individuals, ascending ever-higher, expanding its embrace and influence each step of the way. This is how individual growth takes place along the spectrum of consciousness.

To a great extent, cultures and societies grow the same way children do: physical, mental, spiritual. For thousands of years, we lived exclusively in the physical domain, fused with nature like other animals, remaining unconscious, non-rational, and non-egoic. We slowly evolved into rational-egoic beings, but have remained selfish and unconscious (local, tribal, ethnocentric, politically chauvinistic, exclusive). It is now time to include and retain the developed physical/technological methods and accomplishments and the mental-egoic capacities that serve us well, while expanding into levels of higher consciousness (global, universal, all-inclusive).

This kind of transformational developmental growth is not just a pipe dream. It has already happened in human history many times. It happened in the leap from foraging to agriculture. It happened again in the leap from agriculture to industry. It has been happening still again in the leap from industry to the information age. Each higher stage and its phase-appropriate worldview honors and contains the strengths and technical expertise of its junior stages, while dropping its predecessors’ weaknesses, flaws, and structural limitations. It simultaneously adds original novel elements that create a new and vital worldview appropriate to the new stage. Today, we are poised between the industrial worldview and the emergent informational worldview, with increasing numbers of visionaries already peering ahead into the next developmental stage.

FOUR DOMAINS—When we talk about the necessity for all the elements to work together, what are we actually saying? What do we mean?

As mentioned earlier, and again using Wilber’s terms, each thing is simultaneously a whole unto itself, and a part of a greater whole. A letter is a self-contained entity, a whole, but it is also a part of a word. Words are wholes, but they are also parts of sentences. Sentences are wholes, but they are parts of paragraphs, chapters, books. Individual books are wholes, but are parts of the “species” of books, etc. Words include and transcend letters. Sentences include and transcend words. Chapters include and transcend sentences. Books include and transcend chapters, etc.

At each level of existence, there are wholes, which are parts of greater wholes. Each whole/part, or “holon,” as scientist Arthur Koestler put it, has an interior and an exterior. In our human holonic context, Wilber observes, there are essentially four domains—

1) The interior of individuals (psychology, intentions, art, mind, personhood, philosophy, consciousness expansion).

2) The exterior of individuals (physical existence, personal behavior, body, brain, action in the empirically observable world).

3) The interior of the group (cultural values and intentions, inter-subjective relationships, mores, customs).

4) The exterior of the group (society, science, politics, laws, institutions, inter-objective behavior, technologies—external embodiments of internal cultural values).

All elements of these four domains must be developed in order for there to be both individual and social health: interior/exterior, consciousness/behavior, mind/matter, inside/outside, art/science, individual/collective, etc.

In other words—body, mind, spirit, within cultural and societal contexts. They all need to be developed together, simultaneously, in complementary harmony on individual and social levels.

PERCEPTUAL SHIFT—Discovery occurs not only outside, in the technological sensory-motor domain, but inside, in the psyche. In the West we have made one triumphant discovery after another in science, medicine, communications, transportation, computers, space travel, etc. Seems to me it is now time to keep these things going, even as we shift our emphasis toward much-needed interior development.

It is essential that we learn how to expand personal, cultural and social identity to the point where we can include other peoples, all nations and cultures, other beings (including our beleaguered, rapidly dying animal friends), the whole of the natural world, and, indeed, the universe in which we find ourselves. Instead of identifying exclusively with short-term self-interests, we can simultaneously, wholly, and completely expand identity into unity consciousness with matter, life, mind and universal Spirit. One is all. All are one.

Without that perceptual shift, we humans will remain as we are today: frightened, greedy, destructive, mercilessly acquisitive, power-hungry, dangerously childish. Hardly out of the bushes, we are but savage children waving flags and playing with bombs. But with that shift in perception, we can grow up, transcend narcissism, expand identity to include all peoples and all life-forms, develop our intrinsic capacities for empathy, compassion and sharing, and begin utilizing our technological know-how to save people and the natural world and the planet itself.

With our basic, fear-based needs satisfied, we can turn our attention to Maslow’s higher needs, the meta-needs that are desperately needed in action on local, national, international, and global scales if any structural psycho-spiritual changes are to take place. If we develop interior psychological and spiritual domains as well as we have developed exterior material domains, humanity and the planet will not only survive, but flourish. We have the capacity to create paradise on Earth. Will we choose it?

The brightest and best among us already take these notions seriously. And the time will come when these insights will not be regarded in society at large as simple-minded daydreams. To the contrary, we already see the relevance of these ideas, because the disintegrating world around us gives birth to them, dramatically so. Their practical value is becoming clear and undeniable. Maturity, compassion, cooperation, respect and other more inclusive perspectives are eminently practical: they work. But only if we are willing to implement them. For that to happen, we must first conceive them, and help others understand them, and give them nourishment and encouragement so they can grow.

Unquestionably, it takes a while, but we are getting there, slowly, slowly. However, even if transformation moves at the pace of a banana slug, it is not to be ignored or denied. There is a certain inevitability about necessity. As necessity becomes increasingly more apparent, the transformational process becomes more certain, more refined, more relevant and therefore progressively more applicable. Whether or not we choose to affirm that life-enhancing direction remains to be seen. The mind of man gives birth to wondrous computers. Will it give birth to the higher dimensions of itself as well?

SOLUTIONS—It seems clear to me that all of these things are tied to the inner development of human beings. But where do we start? We have to start with ourselves. There is no other place to start. The human mind gives birth to the problems. It is the human mind, operating at optimum transrational psycho-spiritual levels, which will give birth to solutions.

We must begin now, not tomorrow. Every breath is a living moment. No point in wasting it by continuing to repeat the same old thoughts that have been spinning around in our heads for decades or centuries like an CD stuck on Repeat. We can add new thoughts, take new perspectives, and view them from fresh vantage points. And why not? What have we got to lose? Nothing but our madness. And we have everything to gain for our children and ourselves and for untold generations of life on Earth to come.

THE THREE C’S—

Consciousness

Compassion

Celebration

Lee Underwood
July, 2002